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🧠 Foundational Programming Languages

Programming Language Creator(s) Year Purpose
Fortran John Backus & IBM team 1957 Scientific & engineering computations
Lisp John McCarthy 1958 Artificial Intelligence research
COBOL Grace Hopper & team 1959 Business data processing
ALGOL International committee (Peter Naur) 1958 Algorithmic language for scientific computation
BASIC John Kemeny & Thomas Kurtz 1964 Teaching programming to beginners
Pascal Niklaus Wirth 1970 Teaching structured programming and data structuring
C Dennis Ritchie 1972 System programming and operating systems (e.g., UNIX)
Smalltalk Alan Kay, Dan Ingalls, et al. 1980 Object-oriented programming and GUI development
C++ Bjarne Stroustrup 1985 Extension of C with object-oriented features
Objective-C Brad Cox & Tom Love 1984 Object-oriented programming (NeXTSTEP, macOS/iOS)
Perl Larry Wall 1987 Text processing, system administration, web development
Haskell Committee of researchers 1990 Purely functional programming language
Python Guido van Rossum 1991 General-purpose programming, readability and simplicity
Java James Gosling & Mike Sheridan (Sun Microsystems) 1995 Platform-independent application development
JavaScript Brendan Eich (Netscape) 1995 Web development (client-side scripting)
PHP Rasmus Lerdorf 1995 Server-side scripting for web development
Ruby Yukihiro Matsumoto 1995 General-purpose programming, web development (Rails)
C# Microsoft (Anders Hejlsberg) 2000 Windows applications and enterprise software
Swift Apple Inc. (Chris Lattner, et al.) 2014 iOS and macOS application development
Kotlin JetBrains 2011 Android development, interoperable with Java

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